Synchronous read channel integrated circuit employing a channel quality circuit for calibration

ABSTRACT

A synchronous read channel is disclosed which samples an analog read signal from a magnetic read head positioned over a magnetic disk medium, filters the sample values according to a desired partial response, extracts timing information from the filtered sample values, and detects an estimated data sequence from the filtered sample values using a discrete time sequence detector. A Channel Quality circuit accumulates various signals generated by the read channel, such as sample errors, gain errors, timing errors, etc., for use in calibrating the read channel components and estimating the bit error rate.

This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 08/210,302filed on Mar. 16, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,812,334, which is acontinuation of application Ser. No. 08/012,266 filed on Feb. 1, 1993now U.S. Pat. No. 5,424,881.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In the storage or transmission of digital information, the bits orsymbols of the user data are actually transmitted or stored via aphysical media or mechanism whose responses are essentially analog innature. The analog write or transmit signal going into thestorage/transmission media or channel is typically modulated by channelbits (typically run-length limited or RLL bits) that are an encodedversion of the original user-data bits (non-return-to-zero or NRZ bits).The analog read or receive signal coming from the media is demodulatedto detect or extract estimated channel bits, which are then decoded intoestimated user-data bits. Ideally, the estimated user-data bits would bean identical copy of the original user-data bits. In practice, they canbe corrupted by distortion, timing variations, noise and flaws in themedia and in the write/transmit and read/receive channels.

The process of demodulating the analog read signal into a stream ofestimated user-data bits can be implemented digitally. Digitaldemodulation in magnetic mass storage systems requires that the analogread signal be sampled at a rate that is on the order of the channel-bitrate. Maximum-likelihood (ML) demodulation is a process of constructinga best estimate of the channel bits that were written based on digitizedsamples captured from the analog read signal.

FIG. 1 shows an exemplary read signal 100, which is a positive-goingpulse generated by an inductive read head, for example, from a singlemedia transition such as transition 103 from North-South to South-Northmagnetization of track 104 on a rotating disk. Typically, the writesignal modulates a transition in the state of the media to write achannel bit of 1 and modulates the absence of a media transition towrite a 0 channel bit. Thus, transition 103 corresponds to a singlechannel bit of value 1 in a stream of 0's.

It is common to use run-length-limited (RLL) encoding of the originaluser data bits, which are arbitrary or unconstrained, into anRLL-encoded stream of channel bits. It may be desirable that there be noless than d zeroes between ones; that is, that the media transitions bespaced by at least d+1 channel bit times. This constraint can help keepto a manageable level the interference effects among the pulses in theanalog read signal. On the other hand, because media transitions providetiming information that must be extracted from the read signal to ensuresynchronization of the demodulator with the pulses in the read signal,it may be desirable that there be no more than k zeroes between ones;that is, that there be a media transition at least every k'th channelbit time. An RLL(d,k) code is a code that can encode an arbitrary streamof original user-data bits into a stream of channel bits such that theencoded channel bit stream satisfies these two constraints. An RLL codehas a theoretical capacity which limits the number of user bits whichcan be represented in a given number of RLL bits. The capacity is afunction of the d and k constraints with d=0 and k=infinite being thelimiting (unconstrained) case with a capacity of exactly one. Thecapacity of an RLL (1,7) code for example is just slightly greater than2/3 and is exactly 2/3 for any practical implementation, meaning thatevery pair of user bits will map to exactly three RLL bits.

In FIG. 1, sample set 101 shows the values of four samples in the caseof side sampling of read signal 100; i.e. 0.333, 1.0, 1.0, and 0.333.Sample set 101 is equivalent to the set 1, 3, 3, 1; that is, only theratios among samples are significant. A signal model gives rise to anexpected sample sequence for a single or isolated transition in mediastate. Typically, only a few samples of an isolated media transition arenon-zero; in this case, four are non-zero. In a side-sampled signalmodel such as 1, 3, 3, 1, timing circuitry in the demodulator attemptsto maintain a lock on the incoming signal such that two adjacent sampleson opposite sides of the peak of an isolated pulse have equal amplitudesand samples are taken at roughly equal time intervals, each a singlechannel bit time. Synchronization of the samples with the spacing of thebits written on the media is maintained by a timing recovery loop whichis in essence a phase-locked loop. Other sample timing arrangements maybe useful. In center sampling, the timing circuitry tries to lock thesample times to the read signal pulses such that one sample occurs atthe peak of each pulse. Sample set 102 shows the values of four samplesin the case of center sampling of a similar read signal 104; i.e., 0.5,1.0, 0.5, and 0.0 (or 1.0, 2.0, 1.0 and 0.0 depending on the arbitrarynormalization used). An expected sample sequence of 1, 2, 1, 0corresponds to the signal model known in the prior art as ExtendedPartial-Response Class IV (EPR4). Such sample sequences are samples of acontinuous-time analog read-signal waveform such as may be produced inthe readback circuitry of a magnetic storage device. For a system thatis bandwidth limited to 1/(2T), where T is the sample spacing in time,the sampling theorem declares that the continuous time waveform must besuperposition of sinc functions (sinc(x) is defined as sin(x)/x forx<>0, and as 1 for x=0), with one sinc function centered at each samplepoint and of amplitude equal to that sample value and with zerocrossings at all other sample points. As an example, in saturationmagnetic recording, the current in an inductive write head takes onvalues of +1 and -1. The basic excitation applied to the recordingchannel is a step in current from +1 to -1, vice versa, in the analogwrite signal. This step in write current produces a transition in themagnetization state of the media as it moves past the head. When aninductive read head is passed over this magnetic media transition, avoltage pulse is induced by the bandwidth limited differentiatinginteraction of the head with the magnetization of the media. By suitablefiltering or equalization, the sequence of samples on an isolatedtransition response pulse can be made to { . . . , 0, 0, 1, 2, 1, 0, 0,. . . }, in which case the recording or transmission channel matches theEPR4 signal model. Another sample sequence well known in the prior artis the Partial Response Class IV signal model (PR4), which correspondsto an expected sample sequence of 0, 1, 1, 0. Further, as one isdesigning or taking measurements on a write/media/read channel, it maybe desirable to take into account the exact response, noise anddistortion characteristics of the channel in selecting the signal modelto be implemented in the demodulator. Thus, there is a need for ademodulator that is programmable as to the signal model, or expectedsequence of sample values for an isolated media transition. Insituations such as mass information storage in magnetic media,significant storage-system speed and capacity gains can be realized ifthe information bits can be closer together in position/time on themedia. Further, as media transitions are more closely positioned, thewriting and reading processes become more sensitive to the distortion,timing variations and noise that are inevitably introduced in theprocesses of writing, storing, and reading. Also, as the transitionsbecome closer, the ability of the media to fully transition from, say,North-South magnetization to South-North magnetization may be taxed.Also, as the media transitions become closer, interference effectsincrease among adjacent or nearby transitions. FIG. 2 shows howpositive-going pulse 200 from first media transition 201 combines withnegative-going pulse 202 from second transition 203 to produce analogread signal 204, which can be viewed as the interference of the twopulses. Adjacent media transitions always give rise to read pulses ofopposite polarities because they always are created by transitions ofopposite types, for example North-South changes to South-North intransition 201, so adjacent transition 202 must be South-North changingback to North-South. Read signal 204 might give rise to a sequence ofsamples such as 0.333, 1.0, 0.667, -0.667, -1.0, 0.333. To the extentthat the read process is linear (and it may not be entirely linear), thevoltage waveform induced in the read head will be the superposition of asequence of pulses, where each pulse is the response to an isolatedmagnetic transition on the media. Clearly, engineering ahigh-performance read channel is a complex challenge given the combinedeffects of the limited sampling rate in a digital demodulator, possiblyincomplete transitions in the media, interference among read-signalresponses to media transitions, and distortion, timing variations, noiseand flaws in the media and in the write and read channels. The prior artuses a method known as partial-response signaling to increase mediatransition rates. Partial-response signaling is described in the book"Digital Transmission of Information", by Richard E. Blahut, 1990, pp.139-158 and 249-255. This method allows the analog response of thestorage/transmission media and of the write/transmit and read/receivecircuitry to a media transition to overlap with the response to adjacenttransitions associated with subsequent information bits. If properlyimplemented, this method can achieve higher information bitrates/densities than the alternative of requiring the media transitionsto be spaced such that the read signal responses do not overlap. Such amethod requires a sequence detector which can make its decisions not ona bit-by-bit basis but by examining the context of the surrounding readsignal.

In a magnetic disk drive, the surface of the magnetic media is logicallydivided into concentric rings called tracks. The distance around thetrack varies as a function of the radius at which the track lies. Sinceit is desirable to keep the rate of revolution of the disk constant toavoid mechanical delays in accelerating and decelerating the disk, it isnecessary to either store an amount of data on each track which isproportional to the length of the track (this requires a different datatransfer rate for each track) or to vary the physical transition spacingon the media so that pulses are widely separated at the outside diameterand crowded very close at the inner diameter of the recording surface(this is wasteful of the magnetic media which is only sparsely used atthe outer diameter). A practice known as zoned recording is a popularcompromise between these two extremes. In zoned recording, a group oftracks (a zone) is established in which every track in the zone holdsthe same amount of data. Thus each zone requires a different datatransfer rate, but the number of data transfer rates which need besupported is reduced (more coarsely quantized) This still leaves avariation in the physical spacing of transitions between the inside andoutside diameters of each zone resulting in a variation in pulse shape.

Partial-response signaling has just recently been incorporated into massstorage devices and then in a limited form. One prior-art magnetic diskdrive using partial-response signaling only supports PR4 (pulses withthe samples of . . . , 0, 1, 1, 0, . . . ). PR4 signaling has only verylimited inter-symbol interference evidenced by only two non-zero samplesin the pulse. To increase the capacity of the media, the user of a PR4read channel must increase the equalization of the pulses (slim thepulses) in order to limit the inter-symbol interference of adjacentpulses so that any pulse only affects two read signal samples. Theincreased equalization also enhances the noise accompanying the signal,making the detection task more difficult and errors more likely. U.S.Pat. No. 4,945,538 by Patel covers a similar situation but with EPR4signaling and an RLL(1,7) code. This improves the allowed amount ofinter-symbol interference, increasing it to three non-zero samples of (.. . , 0, 1/2, 1, 1/2, 0, . . . ). Both of these techniques will allow anincrease in capacity but are limited in the variety of pulse shapeswhich can be detected and therefore limited by how much equalization(pulse slimming) may be performed before the effect of equalizing thenoise (noise enhancement) becomes intolerable.

Thus, there is a need for a flexible read channel which can accommodatea wide variety of pulse shapes as will be seen in each zone. There isalso a need to allow larger amounts of controlled inter-symbolinterference between pulses (pulses with more than two or three non-zeropulses) in order to continue increasing the capacity of the recordingmedia.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A synchronous read channel having a single chip integrated circuitdigital portion which provides digital gain control, timing recovery,equalization, digital peak detection, sequence detection, RLL(1,7)encoding and decoding, error-tolerant synchronization and channelquality measurement is disclosed. The integrated circuit accommodatesboth center sampling and side sampling, and has a high degree ofprogrammability of various pulse shaping and recovery parameters and theability to provide decoded data using sequence detection or digital peakdetection. These characteristics, together with the error-tolerant syncmark detection and the ability to recover data when the sync mark isobliterated, allow a wide variety of retry and recovery strategies tomaximize the possibility of data recovery. Various embodiments,including an embodiment incorporating the analog functions as well asthe primary digital functions of the read channel in a single integratedcircuit, and preferred embodiments utilizing a reduced complexity,programmable modified Viterbi detector supporting a broad class ofpartial response channels are disclosed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a state transition on a medium such as a track of a diskdrive and its associated pulse in an analog read signal. It also showstwo digitized sample models of such read-signal pulses.

FIG. 2 shows two adjacent medium transitions and their individual andcombined read-signal pulses.

FIG. 3 is an overall block diagram of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating the details of the gain controlcircuit 32 of FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating the details of the timingrecovery circuit 34 of FIG. 3.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating the details of the spectrumsmoothing filter 42 of FIG. 3.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The CL-SH4400 is a specific embodiment of the present invention designedto work with a companion analog integrated circuit and a disk controllerto form a state of the art high density magnetic disk drive. In thatregard, the uniqueness of the present invention, while used in a digitalread-write channel, is primarily related to its read capability andversatility.

The companion integrated circuit with which the CL-SH4400 isspecifically intended to implement a VGA (Variable Gain Amplifier), atunable analog filter, an analog to digital converter, a timing VFO(Variable Frequency Oscillator), write pre-compensation and servodemodulation functions. Accordingly, in a read operation, the CL-SH4400does not receive an analog signal but instead receives already digitizedread information in the form of digitized analog read channel samples.Further, while the timing Variable Frequency Oscillator and the VariableGain Amplifier are on the companion integrated circuit and are not partof the present invention, the timing VFO and the Variable Gain Amplifierare each digitally controlled through digital control signals generatedin the CL-SH4400. Accordingly, in the specific embodiment to bedescribed, digital control feedback signals for both the VFO and the VGAare generated in the CL-SH4400 even though the control loops for thetiming recovery and the automatic gain control functions are actuallyclosed within the companion analog integrated circuit. In that regard,it should be particularly noted that the automatic gain control signalmay alternatively be generated on the analog companion integratedcircuit, as the same may be readily generated in the analog domainrather than in the digital domain. Accordingly, particularly thegeneration of the digital gain control to be described as part of theCL-SH4400 is an optional design choice readily relegated to thecompanion integrated circuit if desired.

FIG. 3 provides a block diagram illustrating the general organization ofthe CL-SH4400. As may be seen in FIG. 3, the digitized read data for theCL-SH4400 is provided in an N-bit parallel form as digitized read dataDRD0 and DRD1. Each of these two signals in the preferred embodimentdisclosed is a 6-bit digitized read data signal. These two N-bit signalsrepresent digitized samples of a read signal directly from a read headof the storage device after analog amplification and analog filtering.Those skilled in the art will recognize that the purpose of the analogamplifier and the analog filter is to scale the signals to the inputrange of the digital to analog converter and to attenuate frequenciesabove the Nyquist frequency (1/2 the sample frequency) to avoid signaldistortion due to aliasing. In general, the analog filter will performpulse shaping as well. The digitized read data signal DRD0 is adigitized read signal sample effectively taken near the center of achannel bit time (defined by the VFO frequency), subject however to asmall amount of timing error or intentional timing set point offset inthe VFO. The digitized read data signal DRD1 is the correspondingdigitized read sample effectively taken near the center time of theprevious logical channel bit, subject of course to similar timing errorsand timing set point offsets. These two digitized read data signals areprocessed in the CL-SH4400 in a parallel or simultaneous manner so thatultimately in the CL-SH4400, two successive bits of digital read datawill be derived from one set of DRD0 and DRD1 signals which togetherwith successive bit pairs are decoded by a run-length limited (RLL)decoder and derandomized if applicable (e.g. if initially randomized) toprovide the NRZ data output stream of the device. The processing of twodigitized read data samples simultaneously doubles the throughput of theCL-SH4400 for a given clock rate without doubling the circuitryrequired, particularly in the sequence detector, though the presentinvention is not specifically limited to processing of two digitizedread data sample at a time. One could process one digitized read datasample at a time, or alternatively process more than two digitized readdata samples at a time, if desired. In that regard, the number of N-bitdigitized read data sample connections to the chip normally will equalthe number of samples processed at a time, though such signals could bemultiplexed so that the number of N-bit digitized read data samplesconnections to the chip is less than the number of samples processedtogether.

In one mode of operation, multiplexer 20 couples the DRD0 and DRD1signals directly to a transition detector 22 which processes thesuccessive samples to detect the presence of transitions in each of thetwo digitized read data signals. In the preferred embodiment, thetransition detector 22 is of the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.5,329,554 entitled "Digital Pulse Detector," the disclosure of which isincorporated herein by reference. The output of the transition detectoris a low or high level during the respective bit times (delayed asdescribed in the co-pending application) depending upon whether atransition (providing a high level output) or no transition (providing alow level output) was detected. The output of the transition detector22, the peak detected signal PKDET, in this mode would be coupled tomultiplexer 24 and through a sync mark detector 26 to provide a syncbyte detected output SBD if a sync byte was in fact detected, and tocouple the two bits to the RLL decoder 28 which decodes the bit streamto provide the NRZ data out digital data. In the preferred embodimentrun length constraint violations are detected and optionally multiplexedonto the NRZ data out lines. These may be used by an error correctingsystem within the disk controller. In the preferred embodiment, an errortolerant sync mark detector 26 is used. This detector is designed toachieve a level of error tolerance for the synchronization functionequal to that achieved for the data field by the error-correction codeimplemented in the disk controller. This is achieved in part byemploying an error-tolerant Synchronization Mark pattern for minimumcross-correlation with the preamble and for minimum auto-correlation,and by making the number of four-channel-bit groups which must bedetected programmable. The synchronization mark recovery procedure maybe used to recover data when a severe defect has destroyed the entiresynchronization mark. When using this mode, the CL-SH4400 first goesthrough a normal timing and gain acquisition procedure while countingchannel bits. The synchronization mark is assumed to have been detectedwhen the count matches the synchronization mark recovery count. Byvarying the synchronization mark recount, the microcontroller can varythe assumed starting point of a header or data area until the correctstarting point is tried, whereupon the sector will be recovered if thereis no other error beyond the capability of the error correction code inthe disk controller.

In the CL-SH4400, the NRZ data output is user selectable as a serial bitstream, a 2-bit parallel stream or character wide (8-bit wide) digitaldata. If the data was randomized prior to storage, the data randomizer30 may be enabled to de-randomize the data from the RLL decoder 28before being provided as the NRZ data output.

The output of the transition detector 22 in this mode is also providedto the gain control circuit 32 and the timing recovery circuit 34. Alsothe N-bit digitized samples DRD0 and DRD1 are coupled throughmultiplexer 20 to the gain control circuit 22 and the timing recoverycircuit 34. The gain control circuit 32 is shown in more detail in FIG.4. The gain errors (the difference between the programmable desiredsignal level referred to as the Gain Set point, and each digitized datasignal) are determined for each digitized read data sample by the gainerror circuit 33. The outputs PKDET of the transition detector 22provide references to control the multiplexer 35 of the gain controlcircuit 32, as the gain adjustments are determined by the signalamplitudes of transitions and not the signal levels between transitions.The automatic gain control signal VGAC (5-bits in the preferredembodiment) for coupling back to the companion integrated circuit foranalog amplifier gain control is provided by the digital gain loopfilter 37, the details of which are shown in paragraph 4.5.2 on page 18of Appendix 1. As shown therein, the gain loop filter includes a loopfilter coefficient which is independently programmable for tracking andacquisition. The individual gain errors are also coupled to a channelquality circuit 46 as the signals GERR so that gain control performancecan be measured to determine the best choice of loop filter coefficientsand other parameters of the channel with respect to the performance ofthe automatic gain control loop.

The timing recovery circuit 34 in the CL-SH4400 is shown in greaterdetail in FIG. 5, and is generally in accordance with the timingrecovery circuit disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,359,631 entitled "TimingRecovery Circuit For Synchronous Wave Form Sampling," the disclosure ofwhich is incorporated herein by reference. Timing recovery andmaintenance of synchronization, of course, can only be done upon thedetection of a transition, as the absence of transitions contains notiming information. The timing recovery circuit controls the read clockswhich are synchronized to the read wave form. In the timing recoverycircuit, a phase detector 39 digitally computes the phase error in thesampling instants of the analog to digital converter on the companionchip from the digitized sample values during transitions, as indicatedby the signals PKDET. Providing timing error corrections only attransition times reduces the noise (jitter) in the timing loop. Thesequence of measured phase errors is digitally filtered by filter 41 toproduce a frequency control signal which is fed back to the companionchip, in the preferred embodiment as the 5-bit frequency control signalFCTL.

The timing recovery circuit has two modes of operation, acquisition andtracking. The appropriate range and resolution of the frequency controlsignal FCTL to the analog companion part is not the same for the twomodes. In the acquisition mode, the necessary frequency control range islarger (wider range of possible frequency settings) than in tracking.Conversely, in tracking the required resolution (minimum step offrequency) is finer. To meet these conflicting requirements withoutunduly increasing the number of bits in the FCTL interface, theresolution and range are made to depend on the mode of operation, and asignal ACQ is used to communicate to the analog companion part whichmode of operation is being used. When the operating mode is switchedfrom acquisition to tracking, the last frequency setting duringacquisition is stored in the companion analog part and the value on theFCTL bus during tracking is taken as an offset from the stored setting.In the preferred embodiment (CL-SH4400) the range and resolution aredecreased by a factor of 8 between acquisition and tracking.

The timing recovery circuit 34 also includes a programmable timing setpoint. The timing set point permits a wider range of sampling strategieswhich enables the support of a wider range of pulse shapes. The timingset point is useful on retry in the event of the detection of anuncorrectable error. Also the digital filter includes two coefficientswhich are independently programmable for acquisition and tracking. Theseare also usable in a retry strategy to change the bandwidth and hencethe response time of the timing loop. Like the individual gain errorsGERR, the individual timing errors TERR are also coupled to the channelquality circuit for contribution to the quantitative analysis of thechannel quality with respect to timing recovery. One alternateembodiment of the timing recovery block includes a frequency errordetector. The frequency error detector is used to decrease the timerequired for the timing loop to lock to the channel bit frequency andphase during the acquisition period before encountering data.

As variations on the mode of operation just described, the two N-bitdigitized read data signals DRD0 and DRD1 may be passed through a pulseshaping filter 38 prior to being coupled to multiplexing block 20. Thepulse shaping filter provides digital filtering at the cost of a smallamount of delay with two user selectable coefficients PC1 and PC2,independently programmable in the filter structure. This pulse shapingfilter, of course, is in addition to any filtering done in the analogdomain, and is an example of the flexibility and adaptability of thepresent invention. In particular, the effect of the pulse shaping filtermay be eliminated by multiplexing block 20, or alternatively, the pulseshaping filter may be used with coefficients user selected, and thusvariable, to provide the best performance of the overall storage systemread channel with the flexibility to accommodate changes in pulse shapewhen changing from one recording zone to another, and to allowcoefficient variations as part of overall device parameter variationsfor systematic retries upon the detection of uncorrectable errors in thesubsequent error detection and correction (EDAC) operations. The pulseshaping filter of the preferred embodiment is a finite impulse responsedigital filter which means that the output is a function of the currentand past inputs but not a function of its own past outputs. The delaysnecessary for the filter to remember the past inputs are shared by delay36 to provide a separate delay path to multiplexing block 20. The delaypath through delay 36 provides an amount of delay equivalent to thedelay of pulse shaping filter 38. Multiplexing block 20 is provided togive a maximum of flexibility in modes of usage, by providing a separatesource of input for the transition detector and the group of blockscomprising the sequence detector 40 (by way of spectrum smoothing filter42), the gain control circuitry 32 and the timing recovery circuitry 34.The multiplexing block is designed so that all blocks may operate uponthe raw input samples provided by DRD0 and DRD1, or alternatively thepulse shaping filter may be placed in one of the multiplexing block'soutput paths with the delay placed in the other path. The delay isnecessary in this case so that the transition detector's outputs aresynchronized with the sample values reaching the gain control circuitryand timing recovery circuitry. Finally, the pulse shaping filter mayfeed both of the multiplexing block's output paths. In general themultiplexing block could be designed so that by programming themultiplexing block each block at the multiplexing block's outputs(transition detector 22, gain control 32, timing recovery 34, andsequence detector 40 by way of spectrum smoothing filter 42) couldreceive raw input samples, delayed raw input samples, or filtered inputsamples independent of the data received by the other blocks. In thepreferred embodiment of the present invention however, the gain controlcircuitry and the timing recovery circuitry have the capability ofcompensating for the pulse shape in an effort to increase the accuracyof the gain and timing recovery loops, and to reduce the amount ofcircuitry, the gain control circuitry and timing recovery circuitryassume the same pulse shape for which sequence detector 40 isprogrammed. This basic pulse shape received by the sequence detector isonly marginally affected by the addition of the spectrum smoothingfilter, which is designed to reduce only the head bumps at the tails ofthe pulse and does not seriously affect the center of the pulse exceptto correct for head bumps due to neighboring pulses. In that regard, thepresent invention includes a channel quality circuit 46 for measuringthe quality of the read channel as earlier described. This provides notonly quantitative channel evaluation, but in addition allows selectionof read channel parameters such as, but not limited to, the coefficientsPC1 and PC2 in the pulse shaping filter to best adapt the read channelto the characteristics of the storage medium and the pulse form andcharacteristics being read therefrom.

The present invention further includes a sequence detector 40 whichreceives as its input the two N-bit digital read data signals DRD0 andDRD1 as may be modified by the pulse shaping filter 38 and as may beadditionally modified by the spectrum smoothing filter 42. In thatregard, the spectrum smoothing filter 42, as shown in FIG. 6 hereof,contains two delays FD1 and FD2 and four coefficients SC1, SC2, SC3 andSC4, all of which are independently programmable. The delays may beprogrammed from 0 to 23 channel bit intervals. The entire spectrumsmoothing filter, or just its precursor correcting portion 43 can bedisabled. The spectrum smoothing filter is designed to reduce theundershoots from the finite pole tips of a thin film head, or to reducethe bumps from the secondary gap of a single or double-sided MIG head.In the frequency domain, the filter acts to smooth out undulationscaused by head bumps. If the precursor is disabled, the delay of thefilter is disabled, whereas if a head which is not subject to head bumpsis used, the post-cursor may be disabled.

The pulse shaping filter and the spectrum smoothing filter together forma digital equalizer which can modify the equalization done in the analogfilter of the companion integrated circuit, and along with the companionintegrated circuit provides support for changing equalization needs fromhead to head and zone to zone of the magnetic storage device. Theparameters for the pulse shaping filter and the spectrum smoothingfilter are loaded and/or varied by microcontroller 44 on initializationand during head seeks.

The sequence detector 40 is a partial response sequence detector. Thisallows the analog response of the read channel to a storage mediumtransition to overlap with the response to adjacent transitionsassociated with subsequent information bits. In comparison to most priorart read channels for magnetic storage media, the use of a partialresponse detector allows higher information storage densities incomparison to the prior art alternative of requiring the mediumtransitions to be sufficiently spaced from each other so that the readsignal responses do not overlap significantly, thereby allowing eachtransition to be individually detected irrespective of the nearestneighboring transitions.

The particular sequence detector used in the present invention is auniquely modified form of Viterbi detector which substantially preservesthe full performance of the Viterbi algorithm in a substantially reducedcomplexity sequence detector. The basic Viterbi algorithm is describedin the book "Fast Algorithms for Digital Signal Processing" by RichardE. Blahut, 1985, pages 387-399. In accordance with the Viterbialgorithm, a Viterbi detector does not attempt to decide whether amedium transition has occurred immediately upon receipt of the readsample or samples that correspond to that transition. Rather, as samplesare taken from the read signal, the Viterbi detector keeps a runningtally of the error between the actual sample sequence and the samplesequence that would be expected if the medium had been written with aparticular sequence of transitions. Such an error tally issimultaneously kept for several possible transition sequences. As moresamples are taken, less likely choices for transition sequences arepruned from consideration. If a set of possible sequences of mediumtransitions is appropriately constrained, then the location of eachmedium transition becomes known with a high degree of likelihood withina reasonable time after taking the samples corresponding to thattransition. Because of the time delay between a sample acquisition andthe determination of whether that sample represented a transition or anabsence of a transition, the gain control circuit 32 and the timingrecovery circuit 34 are both still referenced to the output of thetransition detector 22, which has a more immediate response to theoccurrence of a transition. Also, while in general the output of thesequence detector, when used, should be more accurate in ultimatelydetermining whether a transition occurred at a particular bit time, anerror in the output of the peak detector will have little effect on gainand timing. Specifically, failure to detect a transition will onlyslightly delay gain control and timing error corrections, and anisolated false detection of a transition will only slightly perturb thegain control and timing accuracy. This should be more than made up bythe increased accuracy of the bit stream detection by the sequencedetector's consideration of what comes before and after a particulardigitized read data sample.

If the present invention is realized in an embodiment wherein digitizedread data is processed a single bit time's worth at a time, a Viterbidetector of a conventional design may be used, or if two or more bittime's worth of samples are to be processed simultaneously, as in thepreferred embodiment of the present invention, a conventional Viterbidetector could be modified for that purpose. However, in the preferredembodiment of the present invention, the uniquely modified form ofViterbi detector used is that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,291,499entitled "Method and Apparatus for Reduced Complexity SequenceDetectors," the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

In a typical Viterbi detector implemented using the ADD, COMPARE, SELECT(ACS) method, each state in the expected sample sequence model isassociated with a hardware module to perform the functions of adding newbranch error metrics to path error metrics, comparing path errormetrics, and selecting the path having the lowest path metric. In thesequence detector used in the preferred embodiment in accordance withthe co-pending application, an ACS module may have two or more sequencemodel states dynamically associated with it such that at some times, onesequence model state is associated with it, and at other times, anothersequence model is associated with it. This reduces the number of ACSmodules required and also reduces the size and complexity of thedetector path memories which must store one path for each ACS module.Groups of sequence model states may be chosen to share an ACS modulewithout significant loss in performance as compared to the conventionalViterbi detector. These detectors support a wide range of sample modelsby making the expected sample sequence of an isolated medium transitionprogrammable through control 44. By way of specific example, thesequence detector used in the CL-SH4400 disclosed herein will supportthe PR4, EPR4 and EEPR4 sample models, among others. In addition, thealternating polarity of pulses is enforced, as is a minimum run lengthconstraint of d=1.

The d=1 constraint in the RLL(d,k) coding is an important constraint inthe present invention, especially for applications where the storagesystem uses thin-film magnetic media. For thin-film magnetic media,there is an effect known as partial erasure which puts a practical limiton how close two magnetic transitions may be written. The effect is dueto a ragged (or zig-zag) boundary between regions of oppositemagnetization. As the transitions become too close, the zig-zags beginto overlap and the area of opposite magnetic polarity between twotransitions starts to disappear. The result is that as the read headflies over the partially erased transitions, the amplitude of thecorresponding read signal pulses is diminished. This is a non-linear,data pattern dependent effect which is difficult to compensate for. Thed=1 constraint remedies this situation by preventing magnetictransitions in two consecutive channel bit times. The drawback is thatthe d=0 constrained code may typically represent 8 NRZ bits with 9 RLLbits (rate 8/9) while the d=1 constrained code can only represent 6 NRZbits with 9 RLL bits (rate 2/3). For example, to store 8 NRZ bits, thed=0 constrained code will store 9 channel bits while the d=1 constrainedcode will store 12 channel bits in the same amount of space, hence thed=1 channel bit interval is 3/4 the size of the d=0 channel bitinterval. Fortunately, the magnetic transitions have a minimum spacingof 2 channel bits and therefore the minimum distance between twotransitions has increased by 3/2 with respect to the corresponding d=0constrained code. This makes the d=1 constrained read channel a goodsolution for increasing storage capacity in applications where theminimum transition spacing is close enough for partial erasure effectsto be noticeable.

The sequence detector utilized in the CL-SH4400 can be programmed tooperate on any channel response which can be well represented bysequences in the form of a, b, 1, c, wherein the selection of a, b and callow the ability to accommodate pulse asymmetry which might otherwiserequire that the read signal pass through an analog or digital phaseequalizer prior to entering the sequence detector. The levels a, b and calso give the ability to select between center and side sampling.Center-sampled pulses are notably those for which the sample levels a,b, 1, and c are selected such that 1 is very near the peak of the pulse,b and c are roughly halfway down their respective sides of the pulse,and a is near zero, for example, the sample levels 0, 1/2, 1 and 1/2.Side-sampled pulses are notably those for which the sample levels areselected such that 1 and b (which is about 1) straddle the peak of thepulse, for example the sample levels 5/16, 1, 1 and 5/16. This choice ofside versus center sampling also affects the manner in which gain errorand phase error are calculated in the gain control loop and timingrecovery loop. The option to choose between side and center samplingallows the user a wider range of possible trade-offs between the amountof equalization (filtering) used to shape the raw pulse shape into thetarget pulse shape of the sequence detector and the amount of noiseenhancement which arises as a consequence of shaping the raw pulse.Hence the read channel can be more suitably matched to the storagemedium to provide better performance.

Referring again to FIG. 3, for writing information to the storagemedium, the NRZ input data is provided to a run length limited encoder48, in the CL-SH4400 through a user selectable serial line, a two bitparallel form or an eight bit byte parallel form. The run length limitedencoder provides the desired run length limited coding, in the preferredembodiment an RLL (1,7) coding, randomized before encoding or not,depending upon the enabling of the data randomizer 30, with the encodeddata being provided to multiplexer 52, in the preferred embodiment in atwo-bit wide form. In the case of writing to the storage medium, theserial enable signal SER₋₋ ENA will be deasserted so that themultiplexer 50 and 52 will provide the encoded data bits 1 (the mostsignificant of the two parallel data bits) and 0 (the least significantof the two parallel data bits) to the companion integrated circuit towrite the same to the storage medium.

When not writing, the serial enable signal SER₋₋ ENA may be asserted, atwhich time multiplexers 50 and 52 are switched so that serial controladdress and data may be transferred on the SER₋₋ DAT line to thecompanion integrated circuit synchronous with the associated serialclock signal SER₋₋ CLK as the output signals of the two multiplexers 50and 52. Multiplexing of these two chip pins of the single chip CL-SH4400integrated circuit helps reduce the pin count without loss ofperformance or flexibility. This serial interface is provided toeliminate the need for the companion integrated circuit to interfacewith the bus of the microprocessor and eliminates a potential couplingbetween the noisy microprocessor bus and in the sensitive analogcircuitry of the read channel in the companion integrated circuit. Thisalso provides a benefit in pin count since the microprocessor businterface would require numerous additional pins on the companionintegrated circuit. Each of the control registers of the companionintegrated circuit are mapped to corresponding register addresses in theintegrated circuit of the present invention. When one of these registersis written to, the serial interface initiates a serial transfer writeoperation, sending the data to the appropriate register in the companionintegrated circuit. The preferred embodiment of the present inventionincludes two modes, one in which a status bit which can be read todetermine whether or not the serial transfer write operation is completeand another in which the integrated circuit of the preferred embodimentforces the microprocessor to pause while the serial transfer writeoperation is in progress. Similarly, a read of a register in thecompanion integrated circuit is performed by reading the correspondingregister in the integrated circuit of the present invention. Thisinitiates a serial transfer read operation. In the first of two serialinterface read modes, the integrated circuit of the preferred embodimentwill signal the microprocessor to pause until the serial transfer readoperation is complete at which time the serially transferred data willbe accessible at the pins of the integrated circuit of the presentinvention. In a second mode, the integrated circuit of the preferredembodiment will return the data left over from the previous serialtransfer read operation, and once the current read operation iscompleted, it will initiate a new serial interface read operation withthe address just supplied. The preferred embodiment includes a statusbit which can be read to determine whether or not the new serialtransfer read operation is complete. Once complete, the microprocessormay initiate a second read operation to retrieve the data originallydesired and to initiate another serial transfer read operation at a newaddress for future use if desired. Summarizing the two modes, in onemode the microprocessor is made to wait, in the second mode themicroprocessor must read the register twice, once to supply the registeraddress and second time to retrieve the data and possibly supply thenext register address.

In the embodiments hereinbefore described, numerous parameters weredescribed as being programmable, and as such, as being useful forvarying on retries in the event of the detection or repeated detectionof an uncorrectable error. Obviously additional programmable or fixedparameters may also be incorporated, such as by way of example,additional filter coefficients in the pulse shaping and other filters.It should be noted that particularly certain parameters, such as theparameters of the pulse shaping filter 38 and the spectrum smoothingfilter 42, may be made adaptive, or a combination of adaptive andprogrammable. By way of example, coefficients may be made adaptive,while the time constants of the adaptive characteristics and perhapsoffsets, wave shapes, asymmetries and compensation for nonlinearitiesare made programmable. In that regard, it should be noted that given anuncorrectable or repeated uncorrectable error, there is no harm infurther attempts at a successful read with different parameters, sideversus center sampling, filtering versus different, less or nofiltering, etc. Further, normally one would use the sequence detector onread for its superior detection capabilities over a peak detector.However in the case of hard errors wherein the errors in the output ofthe sequence detector exceed the error correction capability of the EDACcode used, a further retry strategy may include switching to an outputderived from the peak detector, as previously described, rather than thesequence detector. This will add noise errors characteristic oftransition detection effectively within the single bit-time of thepossible transition, but will eliminate whatever additional propagationof the hard errors (for example media defects) may be caused by thesequence detector. The effect of the noise errors may be substantiallyeliminated by multiple reads, followed by a majority vote to cancel allor most of the effect of the noise errors, yielding an opportunity for asuccessful error correction when the same could not be achieved with thesequence detector in the path. Here again, pulse shaping filtercharacteristics may be varied and multiple retries of the peak detectormultiple reads executed, as reasonable exhaustion of all opportunity fora successful read is better than a fatal error.

In addition to the various retry strategies described above, the natureand quality of the channel comprising the head/disk interface, preamp,tunable active filter, ADC, and digital equalizer can be measured withthe Channel Quality circuit 46, which is provided so that the variablechannel parameters (e.g., analog and digital equalization parameters,gain and timing set points, gain control and timing recoverycoefficients, and detector levels) may be adjusted to provide the lowestpossible error rate. The Channel Quality circuit 46 is a very powerfuland flexible measurement tool, providing numerous options to facilitatedifferent kinds of measurements of the channel. By selecting appropriateoptions, it is possible to measure mean squared error (MSE), determinethe equalized pulse shape, characterize asymmetries between positive andnegative pulses, perform margin testing, scan the media for defects,measure DC offset, and measure the performance of the Gain Control andTiming Recovery loops and the zero phase restart. Furthermore, using theChannel Quality circuit 46, a procedure is provided whereby themicrocontroller may adapt the detector levels. The intent of thisfeature is to allow the microcontroller to find the best detector samplelevel sets (those which produce the minium error rate) for each diskdrive, head, and zone.

Many of these measurements require that the sequence that was written tothe medium be known as the sequence is read. This is accomplished byblocking data input to the CL-SH4400 during a Channel Quality write andgenerating the written sequence entirely within the Data Randomizer 30.Then on Channel Quality read, the same sequence can be generated andused in controlling the Channel Quality circuit 46. Channel Qualitymeasurements may be made using either a pseudo-random data sequence or aprogrammable two-byte repeating pattern by leaving feedback within theData Randomizer enabled or disabled, respectively.

The Channel Quality circuit 46 provides two modes of operation: PulseMeasurement and Metric Measurement. In the Pulse Measurement mode, asthe known sequence is read the Channel Quality circuit 46 measures thecumulative squared differences of those samples corresponding to one ofthe combinations of the nominal sampling points (e.g., a, b, 1, c, c-a,1-b, b-c). The source used for pulse measurement is selectable betweenthe sampled data output of the A/D, the output of the Digital Filter 38,and the output of the spectral smoothing filter 42. The cumulativesquared differences can be used to determine the pulse shape produced bya given set of channel parameters and to adapt the channel parameters toproduce a desired pulse shape. In the Metric Measurement mode, as theknown sequence is read the Channel Quality circuit 46 measures thecumulative metric of the final state of the sequence. The source usedfor metric measurement is selectable between the sampled data output ofthe A/D, the output of the Digital Filter 38, or the output of thespectral smoothing filter 42. The cumulative metric can be used to adaptthe channel parameters and to predict the error rate.

There have been disclosed and described herein preferred and alternateembodiments of a new and unique synchronous read channel which include asequence detector with a flexible architecture capable of implementing abroad range of partial response polynomials. While an embodiment of thepresent invention which supports only one or two partial responsechannels would be highly useful, the detector used in the preferredembodiment of the present invention supports a broad class of partialresponse channels, including but not limited to PR4 (1,7), EPR4 (1,7)and EEPR (1,7). While the sequence detector is normally operative upon aread, the output of a digital peak detector may be enabled as the outputof the read channel if desired. These and other inventive features ofthe invention will be apparent from the preceding description.

Thus while a preferred and alternate embodiments of the presentinvention has been disclosed and described in detail herein, it will beobvious to those skilled in the art that various changes in form anddetail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scopethereof.

What is claimed is:
 1. A synchronous read channel for reading datarecorded on a magnetic disk storage medium by detecting binary data froma sequence of discrete time sample values generated by sampling pulsesin an analog read signal from a magnetic read head positioned over themagnetic disk storage medium, comprising:(a) a sampling device,responsive to a sampling clock, for sampling the analog read signal togenerate the discrete time sample values; (b) a timing recovery circuit,responsive to the discrete time sample values, for extracting timinginformation; (c) a discrete time sequence detector, responsive to thediscrete time sample values, for detecting the binary data; and (d) achannel quality circuit, responsive to the discrete time sample values,for calibrating the synchronous read channel.
 2. The synchronous readchannel as recited in claim 1, wherein the channel quality circuitgenerates sample errors as the difference between the discrete timesample values and ideal sample values, the sample errors for use incalibrating the synchronous read channel.
 3. The synchronous readchannel as recited in claim 1, wherein:(a) the timing recovery circuitcomprises a phase-locked loop; and (b) the channel quality circuit isused to calibrate the phase-locked loop.
 4. The synchronous read channelas recited in claim 2, wherein the phase-locked loop comprises a phaseerror detector for generating a phase error used by the channel qualitycircuit.
 5. The synchronous read channel as recited in claim 3, furthercomprising a discrete time gain control circuit, responsive to thediscrete time sample values, for adjusting a magnitude of the analogread signal, wherein the channel quality circuit is used to calibratethe gain control circuit.
 6. The synchronous read channel as recited inclaim 5, wherein the discrete time gain control circuit generates a gainerror used by the channel quality circuit.
 7. The synchronous readchannel as recited in claim 1, wherein:(a) the discrete time sequencedetector generates an error metric between the discrete time samplevalues and ideal sample values; and (b) the channel quality circuit usesthe error metric to calibrate the synchronous read channel.
 8. Thesynchronous read channel as recited in claim 1, further comprising adiscrete time equalizer for equalizing the discrete time sample valuesaccording to a predetermined partial response, wherein the channelquality circuit is used to calibrate the discrete time equalizer.
 9. Thesynchronous read channel as recited in claim 8, wherein thepredetermined partial response is an EPR4 response.
 10. The synchronousread channel as recited in claim 1, further comprising a zero phasestart circuit for decreasing the time needed to acquire an acquisitionpreamble, wherein the channel quality circuit is used to calibrate thezero phase start circuit.
 11. The synchronous read channel as recited inclaim 1, further comprising a test pattern generator for generating atest pattern written to the magnetic disk storage medium and used duringa read operation to generate measurement signals for use in calibratingthe synchronous read channel.
 12. The synchronous read channel asrecited in claim 1, wherein the channel quality circuit calibratesdetector sample levels in the discrete time sequence detector.
 13. Asynchronous read channel for reading data recorded on a magnetic diskstorage medium by detecting binary data from a sequence of discrete timesample values generated by sampling pulses in an analog read signal froma magnetic read head positioned over the magnetic disk storage medium,comprising:(a) a timing recovery circuit, responsive to the discretetime sample values, for extracting timing information; (b) a discretetime equalizer for equalizing the discrete time sample values accordingto a predetermined partial response to generate equalized sample values;(c) a discrete time sequence detector, responsive to the equalizedsample values, for detecting the binary data; and (d) a channel qualitycircuit, responsive to the equalized sample values, for calibrating thesynchronous read channel.
 14. The synchronous read channel as recited inclaim 13, wherein the predetermined partial response is an EPR4response.
 15. The synchronous read channel as recited in claim 14,wherein the channel quality circuit generates sample errors as thedifference between the discrete time sample values and ideal samplevalues, the sample errors for use in calibrating the synchronous readchannel.